Submitted by: Karen P Williams

It s your first job nursing and you are wondering if joining the local nurses union is a good thing for you. You don t know much about unions and how they work but your father was a union man and he seemed to do okay.

Unions originally came about for the protection of workers who were at the mercy of the employer. Unions were organized to protect the employee from unrealistic work schedules, unsafe work conditions, abusive management practices and proper financial compensation.

A trade or labor union is an organized group of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas. The union leadership is the bargaining entity that negotiates the labor contracts on behalf of the membership. The negotiations may include salaries, work rules, compensated time off, benefits, complaint procedures, hiring, firing and promotion of workers and anything else that is deemed to be important. The agreements negotiated are binding on the rank and file and the employer and sometimes on non-union workers.

Joining a nurses union is a way of protecting the best interest of yourself and your profession. It gives the nurses an element of control and security over the work they do and the place they do it. A union will give a nurse the opportunity to be part of a united voice and a strong entity of medical professionals.

Belonging to a nursing union has its pro and cons. The upside is the union is the central bargaining agent for the entire membership and since there is strength in numbers, may be able to negotiate for premium wages, better benefits such as health care coverage, more compensated time off, paid holidays, reimbursed continuing education programs and whatever else may be on their agenda. The down side for you is the union interest may not be your interest. Your interest may be continuing education reimbursement, clinical ladder advancement and longevity compensation but the union may decide they are irrelevant issues. They may be more interested in collecting dues rather than address the issues important to you.

An example of how union negotiations might not be beneficial is this: If nurse to patient ratio is an issue, and the union negotiates a low ratio, how is that going to work if there is a shortage of nurses and there aren t enough qualified nurses to go around? Instead of negotiating those terms, perhaps the nurses and management should work together in the spirit of cooperation and come up with ways to encourage people to join the nursing profession and actually have the work force in place to make the low nurse to patient ratio work realistically.

A few questions to ask yourself about joining a nursing union are, does the union create an us versus them mentality? Does it prevent both sides of the table from working together for a common goal or keep the sides from integrating for the betterment of patient care and the medical profession in general? A union has to work for the betterment of all or it won t work for anybody. Does a union make your job nursing more efficient or does it just create more problems? When you answer those questions, you will know if joining a nurses union is for you.

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1 Definition of Translation

Previously, translation was defined with a special emphasis on its linguistic aspect because it was taken for granted that translation merely took place between languages.

In fact, difficulties in translation stem from cultural discrepancies, which exert a great threat to the translator. For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meaning in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida, 1993:110)

A good translation should be characterized by a relatively proper, full and perfect transference of culturally related messages from the source language to the target language. There are various methods of translation, such as metaphrasing, paraphrasing, explanation, adding, analogy, deletion and rewriting are exploited to attain the end of presenting fluent, comprehensible and informative tourist materials in the target language.

2 Translation and Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication refers to the communication activities done by people of different cultural backgrounds. It is a dynamic process characterized by continuous information exchange between people of different cultural backgrounds, with language being the medium. Message source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, response and feedback are eight major communicative elements.(Jia Yuxin, 1997:23) Intercultural communication tries to solve these problems by probing into the causes of communicative barriers and cultural conflicts and into the effective ways of avoiding communicative breakdowns. In this sense, translation of tourist materials is an intercultural communication process between translators representing the source language culture and foreign readers representing the target language culture; the purpose of translation is, therefore, to effectively transfer information, including culture-loaded information to foreign readers.

3 Cultural Distance and Translation

Translation is an activity in which the exchange of two cultures takes place. Apart from bilingual competence, which has always been regarded as an essential requirement for translators, intercultural consciousness is a must for translators. This is particularly true of the translation of tourist materials. Tourist materials offer not only the basic information of a place, but its cultural background as well. If translators were not familiar with the discrepancies between two cultures, it would be impossible for them to achieve an efficient and appropriate communication through translation. Therefore, it is necessary to make some study of the cultural discrepancies from the angle of translation.

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Aunes Oversettelser ASAuthor: Carmen Wang

By Frank Egan – LAC Lawyers

Called; ecstasy, e, ecce, disco biscuits or 3, 4 methyledioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), MDMA is an increasingly popular party drug. Putting aside any health issues with drug use, one frequently overlooked consideration is that it is illegal in New South Wales. The use sale and supply of MDMA are all criminal offences in New South Wales which could lead to imprisonment.

Use

The use of MDMA is an offence. Thanks partly to the rigors of our legal system and difficulties with proving such an offence, people are not routinely hauled off the dance floor and charged. In some jurisdictions, notably some of our near Asian neighbours, the local constabulary are more robust and have been known to detain persons exhibiting the signs of drug use and forcibly drug test ‘ecstatic’ punters.

If a person is going to be charged with a use offence it is more likely that the person has denounced him or herself. A right to silence exists and no person is obliged to make a statement or talk to police if he or she does not want to. If a person is not charged, then that person can leave the police station and is not obliged to remain and assist the police in their investigations. Things said to hospital staff could theoretically be used against an individual although there would be a string argument that such material should not be used to ground prosecution as it is against public policy for doctor/patient confidentiality to be breached in such a manner. Accordingly, talk to your doctor about your drug use if you have to.

The offence of self administering a prohibited drug carries a maximum penalty of 2 years imprisonment.

Possession

Possessing a quantity of a prohibited drug is a criminal offence and the seriousness of the offence depends principally on the amount of the substance possessed. Possession is a legal concept and generally means exclusive possession. If it is in your pocket you possess it. If it is in the living room of a share house you probably do not. If your fingerprints are all over the container in which the drug is found, this is unhelpful.

Drug law in New South Wales places great emphasis on the amount of the drug possessed. Put simply, the more you have on you the more serious the offence. Buying in bulk is not such a great idea and even if you are just getting a few pills for a friend, in the eyes of the law you are a dealer and guilty of the offence of supply prohibited drug. Possession of 5 or so pills can result in a person being deemed a supplier and committing an offence that can result in a term of imprisonment. It is simply wrong to assume that the penalties for possession are slight and that it is only our neighbours to the north that have harsh drug laws.

Pills and Drug Weight

What the law calls admixtures count as the drug weight. for the purpose of State drug offences, the law looks at the total mass of the drug and not pure drug bulk. This means that even if the pill is very low in purity as long as it contains some MDMA, the total bulk of the pill is the amount that counts. From this author’s experience in reviewing police pharmacology reports most pills contain some MDMA. a significant proportion of pills contain no MDMA but some other substance such as caffeine, methylamphetamine (ice) or ketamine (K).

To give you some idea of relative seriousness, what the law calls a ‘small quantity’ of MDMA is up to 0.25 grams, this would be about 1 pill. A person who is found to possess a small quantity commits a criminal offence that is punishable by up to 2 years imprisonment. The tariff for this type of offence is generally a fine. For some reason, the deemed quantities for MDMA are significantly less than some other popular drugs. For example, a ‘small quantity’ of amphetamine or cocaine is 1gram. There is no distinction in sentencing law between soft, medium and hard drugs. Especially in relation to larger amounts, MDMA is considered a serious prohibited drug and harsh penalties apply.

The full force of the law kicks in when a person possesses a trafficable quantity’ of a prohibited drug. For MDMA a ‘trafficable quantity’ is 0.75 grams. This is not a great deal and 5 standard pills would constitute a ‘trafficable quantity’. Once again there is an apparent disparity with other drugs. The trafficable quantity of the arguably more noxious drug, methylamphetamine (Ice) is 3 grams. The possession of a trafficable quantity of a prohibited drug places a person in the situation where he or she can be charged with deemed supply. This is a serious offence that carries a maximum of up to 10 years imprisonment. A person charged with deemed supply has a real risk of going to gaol. Persons found guilty of deemed supplier in possession of say 10 to 15 pills are routinely sentenced to terms of imprisonment. There is a defence of personal use but you still have to admit to possession and if you admit to giving a few pills to another person in the eyes of the law you are a supplier.

The purpose of this article is to alert people to the fact that there are real risks in popping the odd pill. An individual needs to conduct his or her own risk/benefit analysis when considering a certain type of behaviour. There are also ways to minimise risk if behaviour is considered inevitable. Being aware of risk is an important part of minimising risk. Further in the case of drugs if you are caught buying them you are in trouble and the greater the drug weight the more serious the offence and hence the greater the chance of imprisonment. The problem is always was it possession or was it possession and supply. Penalties in the Local Court are constrained but should the police decide to refer the matter to the District Court penalties can rapidly escalate. No one intends to be caught but every now and then they do. The courts are littered with minor and major drug offences. For most it is an unpleasant experience and some a disaster. Unfortunately a criminal conviction for even a minor drug offence is a serious matter and can limit an individual choices well into the future.

About the Author: Frank Egan is the Chief Executive Officer of LAC Criminal Lawyers Sydney and has over 27 years of experience as a lawyer.

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